閱讀理解不懼生詞:猜測詞義9種強悍方法
摘要:閱讀理解是高考英語中分值比重最大的題型,歷來是考生們英語複習的重心所在,新東方網高考頻道針對不同閱讀理解題型彙編成解題方法及訓練題供大家參考。
一、類屬法
即通過類屬來推測詞義。如:
■Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.
說明:從句意我們知道 pineapples 和 coconuts 與 bananas, oranges是同類事物,同屬水果(準確地說是“菠蘿”和“椰子”)。
二、推理法
■That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
說明:既然一天之內看不完所有的展品,那麼 immense 的意思應該是“很大”了。
■Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.
說明:既然“她在選美比賽中獲勝”,說明她“很美麗”(gorgeous)。
三、常識法
即根據普通常識推測生詞的詞義。如:
■It’s said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.
說明:根據常識,Bill Gates 爲世界首富,所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。
■As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.
說明:根據常識,Edison爲發明大王,他應因“發明”而聞名於世。
四、列舉法
即通過對文章所列舉的事物來猜測生詞的詞義。如:
■Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.
說明:像 dogs 和 monkeys 之類的 “creatures”,顯然creatures 的意思應是“動物”。
■In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week, or The New Worker.
說明:periodical 是生詞,但根據其後所列舉的例子,我們可以推測出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“雜誌”。
五、構詞法
即根據前綴、後綴、複合、派生等構詞知識判斷生詞的詞義。如:
■Overwork may cause diseases.
說明:前綴 over- 的意思是“過分的,過量的”,故 overwork 的意思應爲“工作過度”。
■There was a dissatisfied look in the manager’s eyes.
說明:satisfied 的意思是“滿意的”,前綴 dis- 的意思是“不”,故 dissatisfied 的意思應該是“不滿意的”。
六、對比法
即根據文章前後的對比關係確定生詞的詞義。如:
■He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated .
說明:句中的 but 表明 deteriorate 應該與 get better 的意思相反,即“惡化”。
■In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.
說明:上文說兩個經濟上的極端,那麼下文中 penury 應與 great wealth 相對,即表示“貧困”。
■Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.
說明:while 表對比,意爲“而”,所以 loquacious 應是 silent 的反義,即“多嘴的”。
■If you agree, draw a circle; and a cross if you dissent.
說明:既然畫圈表示同意,那麼畫叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。
七、同位法
同位語是對所修飾詞語的進一步說明和解釋,若對所修飾的詞語不熟悉,可通過其後同位語的“說明或解釋”來確定其詞義。如:
■His father is an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language.
說明:同位語 the study of the sounds of language 表示 phonetics 的意思應該是“語音學”。
■Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spine(脊骨).
說明:同位語 a birth illness that damages the spine 表明了spina bifida 是一種病,一種對脊骨有損害的病。
八、釋義法
即根據文章中所提供的釋義關係來確定生詞的詞義。如:
■They described him as a loon, or a mad man.
說明:句中的or 是對loon的解釋,即loon與a mad man 同義,即表示“瘋子”。
■It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
說明:句中的 that is 表明 it will break easily 是對 brittle 的解釋,從而猜測出其意爲“脆”。
■The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 500 yuan a year.
說明:定語從句 who looks after sheep 表明 herdsman 的詞義爲“牧人”。
■There are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy snow that is somewhat dry and feathery?
說明:定語從句 that is somewhat dry and feathery(有點兒幹、像羽毛似的) 表明 fluffy snow 的意思可能是“鵝毛大雪”。
九、定義法
即根據文章中的定義關係確定生詞的詞義。如:
■A glacier is a river of ice.
句意表明glacier的意思是“冰河”。
■A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.